Archi-Culture as a Tool for Social Transformation
“Architects are not building temporary housing because we are too busy building for the privileged people.”.
- Shigeru Ban
Through the concept of cultural quarters the project of “Genesis Development” propose an urban-architectonic intervention using art and culture as tools for social transformation, analyzing case studies such as Taiwan’s Treasure Hill and Pier 2 Arts Center, Miami’s Wynwood Design District and the Medellin, Colombia Library-Park Spain, providing examples of urban renewal, demonstrating how through art and culture they have recovered forgotten spaces. Through the study of the above case studies, interviews and field studies, the ultimate goal is to propose a cultural quarter in one of the most dangerous neighborhoods of Tegucigalpa, which is considered one of the most violent cities in the world, in order to rescue the children from their current social problems. As well to understand in a deeper way the research process through field exposure and daily-life experiences of the area in order to create a project that not only meets the current needs of users but as well to prevent future problems and possible gentrifications.
“When an eight-year-old can be able to use the public transportation to go and return from the school until then we are going to have the city that we need.”
-Alejandro Echeverri
“The opposite of insecurity it is not security is coexistence”
-Jorge Melguizo
The image of the contemporary city is just as diverse as the expectations and desires invested in its often controversial public spaces. Urban planners and architects are constantly confronted and concerned with reviving and revitalizing cities and have come to address urban quality more and more imaginatively. Prior barriers are coming down in terms of cultural identity and social homogeneity.There is a very long list of contemporary architectural/urban dysfunctionalities and perceived pathologies that bring forth the relevance of design to everyday life. This translates into a sense of urgency and social responsibility around different disciplinary circles. Just 1% of the population can pay for an architect, and what happened to the other 99% of the population? are they not able to have architecture as part of their lives? In the last centuries, architects have forgotten the essence of architecture, which is to provide comfortable spaces to everyone no matter their social status.
The main goal of this research is to develop and deepen the use of art and culture as a tool of social transformation, through the implementation of a cultural quarter in a merged area of Tegucigalpa, Honduras, which is called the Nueva Esperanza neighborhood through a Genesis development concept. It will be established through the following three statements:
Art, culture, and architecture as tools of social transformation.
Art and culture as a growth engine for social transformation.
Resize of the sustainable urbanization concept.
Why Genesis development? This means a new beginning for a sustainable urbanization, using art and culture as tools of social transformation; It is understandable a confusion concerning what constitutes art and culture in the emerging domain of socially engaged art. Not only architects, artists, but city planners, grassroots organizers, environmentalists, graphic designers, and many others seized at the numerous tool sets made available through the arts. As many artists in contemporary art have begun to turn their attention towards the social environment, as a matter of necessity, they must borrow equally from disciplines in order to make their work more effective; For instance, cities such as New York, Miami, Berlin, Taipei, Kaohsiung, and Medellin, through an acupunctural strategy had inserted key educational buildings such as library-parks, schools and cultural centers in the most deprived areas of their cities, connecting them through new infrastructure to the city center. These landmarks carry out a double function: First of all, they provide an alternative option for the children living in the slums, providing them better future opportunities; Secondly, these buildings work as urban catalysts opening the slums to the city and attracting visitors to these previously forgotten areas.
According to the reduction of poverty strategy, Honduras spends less than 1% of its annual budget to the promotion and strengthening of culture and art; On the other hand, China (2008), there are 11.32 million people employed in the cultural sector, the growth of creative and cultural industries sector was 6.4% higher than China's economy in general (United Nations, 2012).
In Honduras, there is a considerable number of artists, singers, playwrights, poets, dancers, and artisans, which have demonstrated our artistic and cultural potential. However, given to different social and economic circumstances, the cultural and creative industries have become a forgotten issue.
Based on the analysis of case studies such as Wynwood Art District, located in Miami, United States, Treasure Hill, located in Taipei, Taiwan, Pier 2 Art Center located in Kaohsiung, Taiwan and Spain Library-Park, located in Medellin, Colombia; One of the main goal of “Archi-culture as a tool for social transformation” is to envision, plan and design prototypical criteria and project alternatives as relevant proposals for decision makers in the community. The project as well aims to make institutions and other stakeholders aware of various alternatives for the growth of informal settlements in the City of Tegucigalpa (Nueva Esperanza neighborhood).
With the purpose of becoming a methodological platform for transnational applied knowledge. With a twofold goal (1) Firstly, to produce applied products that engage ethically with the needs of the local community in current urban problems around the issues of informality and secondly, to develop skills in the students that engage in the creation of projects adjusted to the needs of this community.
Cultural Quarters as Mechanisms for Urban Regeneration
According to John Montgomery on Planning and Research (Montgomery, J., 2003), the place characteristics of cultural quarters
Indicators of good cultural activity
An axiomatic relationship is linked with a cultural quarter and businesses that operate within the creative and cultural industries (Mulgan et al, 1986). In this way, the creative industry clusters are characterized by the presence of national firms and even international firms, as well continuous innovation and upgrading. Moreover, the demand conditions need to be conducive to growth, which means, there should be a pool of sophisticated and demanding local and international customers.
Honduras towards the implementation of cultural and creative industries
How a developing country of the XXI Century such as Honduras, who receives economic support from other countries can start the implementation of cultural and creative industries, especially in the merged communities, that in general are suffering of social factors such as: political issues, insecurity, poverty, migration, and unemployment which is affecting the 80% of the population, especially in the two more important cities of San Pedro Sula and Tegucigalpa.
On the other hand, how can Honduras apply proper methods towards modernization and above all, acculturalization? When most of the residents in the violent neighborhoods are expressing deep concerns about domestic, sexual, criminal and even police violence, as well environmental hazards. In other words, residents of different ages are worried about two other dimensions of social inclusion that policy-makers tend to disregard and social scientists of the ethnographic persuasion seldom treat together for what they are defined as: producers of harm. Moreover, if you search for the Tegucigalpa’s Nueva Esperanza neighborhood, the news will headline the following statements:
“Violence lashes the Nueva Esperanza neighborhood.”
“A cab driver was murdered in the Nueva Esperanza neighborhood.”
“They find a young dead body in the Nueva Esperanza neighborhood.”
“Nueva Esperanza neighborhood: They captured him on a stolen car”
“During a shooting, a man passed away in the Nueva Esperanza neighborhood”
The criminality has forced inhabitants of the Nueva Esperanza neighborhood, to leave their homes, in order to protect themselves from the evildoers of the neighborhood, who threatened them to shed more blood in the neighborhood; Is it normal that kids are exposed to these problems? To current police interventions and “crazy houses”[1]? Although casualty, we can establish a clear exposure to a violence chain that has a harmful impact, especially in children and adolescents, derive future encounters with violence, as they reinforce or challenge the boundaries of acceptable/legitimate aggression; Art and culture, at a structural level, allows the development of democratic practices, where you can set aside gender differences, cultural and socioeconomic status. We are facing an alternative way of training and education, community building, memory recall and developing creative ways of conflict resolution. But above all, we have a powerful weapon of values transmission.
[1] Crazy Houses: Are houses located in merged neighborhoods of Tegucigalpa, in which the gangs evict the dwelling owners, and use this space to torture their victims.
Socio-cultural architecture
A generation of geographers and urban sociologists are beginning to focus on progressive administrations in Latin America would do well to incorporate their efforts in poverty alleviation: in the dynamics of social inclusion and exclusion linked to the biophysical fabric of urban spaces; The elements to recover an area are focused on a participation process with horizontal communication: Art and Culture (we all speak the same). However, the principal keys towards a transformation according to the Colombian architect Alejandro Echeverrí are the public education and culture as key tools towards the development of a city in the society as elements of inclusion and equity (Echeverri, A 2012). In Medellin, Colombia, between the 30% and 40% of the budget is for the public education and a 5% to culture. Different organizations such as non-government institutions, environmental institutions, community leaders become involved in this type of projects.
As stated by the Colombian architect Alejandro Haier, an immediate urbanism is necessary, in order to transform the social effervescence and infrastructure by urban microsurgery procedures. For instance, for map action scenarios it is necessary to provide:
Shuttle routes
Temporary employment nodes
Recurring work nodes
Refueling and maintenance centers
Case Studies
Genesis development-Problem delimitation
Given to the analysis done in the case studies of Spain Library in Medellin, Wynwood Art District in Miami and, Treasure Hill, Taiwan and Pier 2 Art Center, we can observe that some cases are successful examples of government and community participation, and on the other hand, we observe severe gentrification issues in the Wynwood case. To acquire a better understanding of the factors that attract or dis-attract people to visit the Tegucigalpa’s cultural and creative spaces, as well to obtain the necessary information for the creation of innovative ideas to attract the citizens into these types of events; the elaboration of a questionnaire powered by Google forms done in Spanish and sent via Facebook to people living in Tegucigalpa, and its citizens living abroad. It was done during two weeks, from May 16th – May 28th of 2016. Being the “Redondel de los Artesanos Park”, one of the few leisure spaces in Honduras, the questionnaire was based on this Park. Having a total amount of 130 responses. From the results, we can give the following conclusions:
How often do you assist to cultural activities?
44.4% of the people in Tegucigalpa assist to cultural activities once a year. From this result, we can perceive that the Tegucigalpa’s citizens do not visit their cultural and creative activities.
Which leisure activities do you prefer?
51.6% of the people prefer to watch movies during their leisure time. However, they are not consuming national movies. The majority of the films played in the movie are foreign films. The national film industry in Honduras is practically inexistent. Nevertheless, we can perceive that the musical performances are well appreciated the citizens, and they support the national musicians.
How important it is for you to have cultural and creative parks?
According to the responses, we can perceive that most of the believe that the creation of cultural and creative parks is important. In addition, on a one-one survey done to the Honduran Allan Alcántara on May 26th, who is a member of the municipal council of the Central District, he highlights that the of cultural and creative activities in the last five years has increased the participation of the citizens of Tegucigalpa. However, he remarks that the safety of the places has to increase in order to attract people from different status.
Do you think that the "Redondel de Los Artesanos Park" provides adequate installations for artistic and cultural activities?
According to the 53.4% of citizens, the “Redondel de ”, do not offer the adequate installations. Besides this settlement, they refer that in general Tegucigalpa is not offering the adequate spaces for these types of activities. They relinquish this statement due to the lack of efficient transportation systems and insecurity.
Besides creating cultural and artistic spaces, it is very important if they are generating some economic revenue. According to the responses, a 62.1% of them just spent US$.10.00 on the cultural and artistic events. And given the actual economic situation, we can conclude that just a 10% of the artists are actually living of Art, the rest of them, art is just a hobby.
What do you think that Tegucigalpa needs to improve their artistic and cultural events?
Based on the showed , it was decided to make an urban analysis focused on the implementation of cultural and artistic spaces on merged areas of the city of Tegucigalpa. In order to select a potential site for artistic and cultural development, we need to analyze the city of Tegucigalpa and its most merged communities in need of cultural and artistic enhancement.
Nueva Esperanza neighborhood urban structure
The simplicity of the urban cityscape, the color sobriety, and the warm colors almost mimicking with the natural environment, highlight the biggest collective passions; one strongly representative: Trading. In the Nueva Esperanza neighborhood, the trading activity is dominated by the formal sector depending on basic life products. The trading is executed in formal and informal establishments, being a daily practice. In terms of development, the regional trading suffers constant inconvenience given to the lack business organization, extortion, and insecurity.
Urban space elements at the Nueva Esperanza neighborhood
In the Nueva Esperanza neighborhood, the inhabitants count with basic public systems such as drinking water, electricity, and sanitation. However, until recent interventions, an interest for the roads improvements has been done. Nevertheless, the pedestrian areas need an urban improvement, it is noticeable the lack of pedestrian signaling, and trash disposal areas.
Road Infrastructure
The road network of the Nueva Esperanza network consists of a National Boulevard CA-5, that cross the city of Tegucigalpa from north to south. Primary and secondary vehicle lanes, as well of pedestrian roads. However, until a long waiting time, with the recent instructions of the Tegucigalpa’s major, Nasry Asfura, improvements on the roads were done in 2016. Nevertheless, there is still a considerable number of unpaved roads, that still are of soil with a decreasing sanitation system.
Design Criteria
The criteria are applied integrally in all the design areas and lead the decision-making of form and function elements, focusing on the terrain analysis, analysis of the target population and the formulation of architectonic programs and diagrams of functions, according to the cultural needs and conditions of the region. The adequate application of this criteria culminates with the elaboration of a proposed field structure, which is the base of the design proposal.
GENESIS DEVELOPMENT
The total area of Genesis Development, excluding the current football field, consists of 22,490m². The total constructed area is of 6,540m². It provides a parking space (including an underground parking) for 127 vehicles and 47 motorcycles. The Cultural Quarter provides a Library, Sculpture, Pottery, Millwork and cook workshops, Elementary School, Kindergarten, Medical Clinic, Cafeteria, Outdoors Theatre, Graffiti Walls, Skateboarding area and playgrounds.
Cafeteria
Library
Kindergarten
Conclusions
Cultural Axes
Working with cultural and artistic activities can be aimed towards the people development on an individual plan, community and country development. The effect could be democratic, social and economic, all types of development are interconnected. Several entities have reaffirmed and noticed that there is a rise in the organizations that work in that area and that the argument is gaining more recognition.
The children and youth are the groups who need to get more involved in this type of development, given that they are a huge amount of the actual population. The activities encourage the active participation, stimulates the curiosity and creativity, the people involved can share knowledge between them. The arts are knowledge that can be used immediately and it is passed from generation to generation. Intrinsically knowledge is not the only quality to be learned, as well civic responsibility and teamwork are grasped.
The role of the non-governmental institutions, foundations, government, and all the entities involved is to perform all type of activities that involve the civil society, beginning processes “from above”, being the non-government development, moreover they have the channel through which the decision-making, develop policies and values that help and educate people. With their work, they provide in several ways, from giving a better life quality to a kid, or to gain a political development change on a community, reaching purposes such as better life quality, less poverty, more education and knowledge and more consciousness.
Advocating spatial plurality in the public realm
As cities across the globe grow in scale, with associated changes to our way of life in the current contemporary world, the articulation of novel concepts and planning, both institutionalized and through informal interactions, has intensified. These global changes currently dominate the critical and creative world. The discussion in the last decade of the twentieth century primarily centered around the observation that democratic public space was being destroyed by the seemingly inexorable privatization of previously publicly owned spaces. We are now more than a decade into the twenty-first century and are witnessing a local and global resurgence of so-called public and collective space. Against the backdrop of this highly topical phenomenon, the ongoing discussion has been expanded beyond traditional notions of public space to advocate the generation and facilitation of new spaces that act as flexible frameworks for the multiple opportunities and possibilities for social, political, and cultural change.
Interventions can be found in both the built as well the natural environment, ranging from small to large scale, ephemeral to permanent, playful to formal, and from individual to collective actions. Despite the great diversity of approaches collected in this research, the case studies have a common thread in their affirmative endeavor to transform abstract spaces to concrete places. This deliberate transformation of the former to the latter can be described in short as the process by which a particular part of our spatial environment is activated, adding the value of experience and meaning. These transformative actions allow for individual and intimate, as well as a collective and shared appropriation of our environment on an aesthetic, functional, social and political level.
Genesis Development is addressed as an integral element of sociocultural interaction within urban and merged environments, shared by everyone. Rather than describing public space from the mono-functional perspective as a geographically localized and static area, the project understands public space as ever-changing, altered place within the spatial fabric of life, where this constant change plays a vital role in the natural formation and transformation of the immediate environment.
Through an integral urban project, determined under the levels of socio-cultural, economic, productive and urban statements. Genesis Development can solve social cohesion situations mediated by space and form design of urban expression lead by the community, creating social participation mechanisms altogether with the public administration, will enhance culture and education as a physical and practical way of expression, as well creating possibilities of business development for the Nueva Esperanza neighborhood. It is not just a physical intervention space but also an ontological process of urban recovery, in which it intervened in the systemic and synergistic way the elements that compose the social set.
As a Honduran, architect and urban designer, we can conclude that Genesis Development presents a community sense of development since it is clear the importance that the periphery and the vulnerable communities play, as well the development of the cities, that generally determine the majority of the habitants and its social complexity.
We must count with primary importance, that by the hand of any modification or urban character transformation, also must develop culturization processes and social urban evolution processes, which will allow the social cohesion of it; this allows to enjoy a favorable social residence, which means, that each one of the violent situations can decrease until being transformed and almost excluded of the actual environment. It is to change from the illegal seizure of urban areas taken by the delinquents to public spaces with effects of belonging and the representation of neighbors and residents towards their new urban spaces; generating social cohesion, cultural and opinion exchange, love to the inhabited space and defense of the same. This rise the understanding how the creation of not just a physical space as well a community integration can transform the social reality of a place, in this case, a whole neighborhood.
The effects that the urban design and structure have can create great changes doing a conglomerate of people with their situations, evolve as a society, in order to find set solutions, for the current situations as well for the future ones, given that they will not be addressed from an individual point of view, rather as a community point of view.
From the above we can conclude that, the urban acupuncture effects, through representative works of public art, architectonic constructions, and urban development exchange must be accompanied by social intervention processes, either communication, participatory construction or citizen action at the place of intervention, this will enable the citizen activation aspects, development and urban evolution that are sought in the outskirts of cities.
In this case of analysis through the project of “Archi-culture as a tool for social transformation”, arises the question that focuses the constructionist approach to space in isolated, peripheral and socio-urban segregation areas as:
Can mediate urban space and its design, modify the social status of a particular sector or neighborhood?
Yes, like the housing units are socio-cultural monitors of a family, the public space denotes the phenomenology of social interactions that occur there, therefore any modification of the same, in the company of citizen participation, will create an echo in the socio-cultural processes and increasingly will reshape the state of urban social interaction.
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Interview:
Alcántara, A. (2016, May 15). Art and culture as tools for social transformation. (N. Ortiz, Interviewer)
